Disease-A-Month
Volume 54, Issue 5 , Pages 265-333 , May 2008

Gulf War Servicemen and Servicewomen: The Long Road Home and the Role of Health Care Professionals to Enhance the Troops' Health and Healing

References 

  1. Aronson NE, Sanders JW, Moran KA. In harm's way: infections in deployed American military forces. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;43:1045–1051
  2. Weina P, Neafie R, Wortmann G, et al. Old world leishmaniasis: an emerging infection among deployed US military and civilian workers. Clin Infect Dis. 2004;39:1674–1680
  3. Sanders J, Putnam S, Frankart C, et al. Impact of illness and non-combat injury during operations Iraqi Freedom and Enduring Freedom. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2005;73:713–719
  4. Defense Intelligence AgencyArmed Forces Medical Intelligence Agency. Medical threat assessment—Northern Iraq. http://www.gulflink.osd.mil/declassdocs/dia/19950825/950825_0146pgv_90d.html
  5. Anderson A, Smoak B, Shuping E, et al. Q Fever and the US Military. Emerg Infect Dis. 2005;11:1320–1322
  6. Military Deployment and Coming Home. VA Research and Development (United States Department of Veterans Affairs). http://www.research.va.gov/news/features/deployment.cfmlast accessed 10/8/2007
  7. Frayne S, Seaver M, Loveland S, et al. Burden of medical illness in women with depression and post-traumatic stress disorder. Arch Intern Med. 2004;164:1306–1312
  8. Engel CC, Jaffer A, Adkins J, et al. Can we prevent a second ‘Gulf War Syndrome’? (Population-based healthcare for chronic idiopathic pain and fatigue after war). In:  Clark MR,  Treisman GJ editor. Pain and Depression (An Interdisciplinary Patient-Centered Approach, vol. 25). Basel, Karger: Adv Psychosom Med; 2004;p. 102–122
  9. Hoge CW, Castro CA, Messer SC, et al. Combat duty in Iraq and Afghanistan, mental health problems and barriers to care. N Engl J Med. 2004;351(1):75–77
  10. Pervasive wound of war. Washington Times. 8/9/07 http://washingtontimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=20070809/commentary/1080
  11. Seal KH, Bertenthal D, Miner C, et al. Bringing the War Back Home. Arch Intern Med. 2007;167:476–482
  12. Gawande A. Casualties of war—military care for the wounded from Iraq and Afghanistan. N Engl J Med. 2004;351:2471–2475
  13. Street A, Stafford J. Military Sexual Trauma: Issues in Caring for Veterans (Iraq War Clinician Guide, Dept. of Veterans Affairs. The National Center for PTSD Manuals). www.ncptsd.va.gov/ncmain/ncdocs/manual/nc_manual_iwcguide.htmlAccessed March 14, 2008
  14. Wain HJ, Cozza SJ, Grammer GG, et al. Treating the traumatized amputee. In: Ira Qwar Clinician Guide, Dept of Veterans Affairs. The National Center for PTSD http://www.ncptsd.va.gov/ncmain/ncdocs/manuals/nc_manual_iwcguide.html?printable last accessed 12/2/07
  15. Xydakis MS, Bebarta VS, Harrison CD, et al. Tympanic membrane perforation as a marker of concussive brain injury in Iraq. New Engl J Med. 2007;357:830–831
  16. Xydakis MS, Fravell MD, Nasser KE, et al. Analysis of battlefield head and neck inquires in Iraq and Afghanistan. Otolaryn Head Neck Surg. 2005;133:497–504
  17. With ‘invisible injuries,’ thousands of brain-damaged troops returning home. Arizona Daily Star 9/10/2007 http://www.azstarnet.com/sn/printDS/200533last accessed 10/9/07
  18. Okie S. Traumatic brain injury in the war zone. New Engl J Med. 2005;352:2043–2047
  19. Lardner R. Report faults hospital for marine's death. The Tampa Tribune, Friday, June 3 2005;Metro section, page 3
  20. Pezzin LE, Dillingham TR, MacKenzie EJ. Rehabilitation and the long-term outcomes of persons with trauma-related amputations. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2000;8:292–300
  21. Bates B, Kurichi JE, Marshall CR, et al. Does the presence of a specialized rehabilitation unit in a Veterans Affairs facility impact referral for rehabilitative care after a lower extremity amputation?. Arch Phys Med and Rehab. 2007;88:1249–1255
  22. Scurfield RM, Tice S. Acute psycho-social intervention strategies with medical and psychiatric evacuees of “Operation Desert Strom: and their families. Operation Desert Storm Clinician Packet. White River Junction, VT; 1991 National Center for PTSD.
  23. Gondusky JS, Reiter MP. Protecting military convoys in Iraq; an examination of battle injuries sustained by a mechanized battalion during Operation Iraqi Freedom II. Mil Med. 2005;170:546–549
  24. Chambers LW, Green DJ, Gillingham BL, et al. The experience of the US Marine Corps' Surgical Shock Trauma Platoon with 417 operative combat casualties during a 12 month period of Operation Iraqi Freedom. J Trauma. 2006;60(6):1155–1161
  25. Iraq coalition casualty count. http://icasualties.org/oif/IED.aspx
  26. Sander L. Screening for Brain Injury Is Set For Illinois Veterans. The New York Times. 7/4/07 http://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/04/us/04vets.html?pagewanted=printLast accessed 10/8/07
  27. Ruzek JI, Kudler H. Treatment of Medical Casualty Evacuees. In: Iraq War Clinician Guide, Dept of Veterans Affairs. The National Center for PTSD http://www.ncptsd.va.gov/ncmain/ncdocs/manuals/nc_manual_iwcguide.html?printable last accessed 12/2/07
  28. Peoples G, Jezior J, Shriver C. Caring for the wounded in Iraq—a photo essay. N Engl J Med. 2004;351:2476–2480
  29. Hasemyer D. The San Diego Union-Tribune (4/23/03 VA preparing for health issues from Iraq War). http://signonsandiego.comlast accessed 10/8/07
  30. Vets wait longer for care than VA allows. Arizona Daily Star 9/11/07 http://www.azstarnet.com/sn/printDS/200619
  31. Hoge CW, Castro CA, Messier SC, et al. Combat duty in Iraq and Afghanistan, mental health problems and barriers to care. N Engl J Med. 2004;351:13–22
  32. Richardson RD, Engel CC, Hunt SC, et al. Are veterans seeking veterans affairs' primary care as healthy as those seeking department of defense primary care? (A look at Gulf War veteran's symptoms and functional status). Psychosomatic Med. 2002;64:676–683
  33. Finkel MF. The neurological consequences of explosives. J Neurol Sci. 2006;249(1):63–67
  34. Gutierrez de Ceballos JP, Turequano Fuentes F, Perez Diaz D, et al. Casualties treated at the hospital in the Madrid, March 11, terrorist bombings. Crit Care Med. 2005;33(suppl):S107–S112
  35. Jensen JH, Bonding P. Experimental pressure induced rupture of the tympanic membrane in man. Acta Otolaryngol. 1993;113:62–67
  36. Warden D. Military TBI during the Iraq and Afghanistan wars. J Head Trauma Rehab. 2006;21(5):398–402
  37. Operation Helmet; data on helmets and brain injury. http://www.operation-helmet.org/index.html
  38. DePalma RG, Burris DG, Champion HR, et al. Blast injuries. New Engl J Med. 2005;352:1335–1342
  39. Elsayed NM. Toxicology of blast overpressure. Toxicology. 1997;121:1–15
  40. Halpern P. Medical management of explosives. In:  McFee RB,  Leikin JB editor. Toxicoterrorism. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2008;p. 471–485
  41. Chapter 3: Explosive And Traumatic Events. In: Basic Disaster Life Support (BDLS) Version 2.5. Board of Regents, University of Georgia. 4/04.
  42. Ferrante MA, Dolan MJ. Q fever meningoencephalitis in a soldier returning from the Persian Gulf War. Clin Infect Dis. 1993;16:489–496
  43. Andrews R. Brucellosis in a soldier who recently returned from Iraq. July 2004 Medical Surveillance Monthly Report. 2004;10:30;http://amsa.army.mil
  44. Willard RJ, Jeffcoat AM, Benson PM, et al. Cutaneous leishmaniasis in soldiers from Fort Campbell, Kentucky returning from Operation Iraqi Freedom highlights diagnostic and therapeutic options. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2005;52(6):977–987
  45. Myles O, Wortman C, Barthel R, et al. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Two cases of visceral leishmaniasis in U.S. Military personnel—Afghanistan, 2002-2004. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2004;53:264–265
  46. Kotwal R, Wenzel R, Sterling R, et al. An outbreak of malaria in US Army Rangers returning from Afghanistan. JAMA. 2005;293:212–216
  47. Shorr A, Scoville S, Cervosky S, et al. Acute eosinophilic pneumonia among US military personnel deployed in or near Iraq. JAMA. 2004;292:2997–3005
  48. Anderson AD, Smoak B, Shuping E, et al. Q fever and the US military. Emerg Infect Dis. 2005;11:1320–1322
  49. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Acinetobacter baumannii infections among patients at military medical facilities treating injured US service members, 2002–2004. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2004;53:1063–1066
  50. Brown D, Gray J, MacDonald P Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Outbreak of Acute Gastroenteritis associated with Norwalk like viruses among British military personnel—Afghanistan, May 2002. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2002;51:477–479
  51. Bailey M, Boos C, Vautier G, et al. Gastroenteritis outbreak in British troops, Iraq. Emerg Infect Dis. 2005;11:1625–1628
  52. Connor BA. Sequelae of traveler's diarrhea: focus on postinfectious irritable bowel syndrome. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;41(suppl 8):S577–S586
  53. Deployment related conditions of special surveillance interest, US Armed Forces, January 2003–June 2005: acute respiratory failure/ARDS. Medical Surveillance Monthly Report. 2005;11:22;http://amsa.army.miAccessed March 15, 2008
  54. World Health Organization (WHO). TB situation in the region. 2003;http://www.emro.who.int/stb/TBsituation_CountryProfile-afg.htm
  55. Kilpatrick M. Institute of Medicine Committee on the Gulf War and Health. Infect Dis Briefing 26 May 2005.
  56. Spudick J, Garcia L, Graham D, et al. Diagnostic and therapeutic pitfalls associated with primaquine tolerant Plasmodium vivax. J Clin Microbiol. 2005;43:978–981
  57. Mendoca M, deBrito M, Rodrigues E, et al. Persistence of Leishmania parasites in scars after clinical cure of American cutaneous leishmaniasis: is there a sterile cure?. J Infect Dis. 2004;189:1018–1023
  58. World Health Organization. Communicable disease profile: Iraq. In: Geneva WHO; 2003;p. 42–45
  59. Gregory A, Schatz S, Laubach H. Opthalmomiasis caused by the sheet bot fly Oestrus ovis in northern Iraq. Optom Vis Sci. 2004;81:586–590
  60. Leung-Shea C, Danaher PJ. Q fever in Members of the United States Armed Forces Returning from Iraq. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;43:e77–e82
  61. Weina PJ, Neafie RC, Wortmann G, et al. Old World Leishmaniasis: an emerging infection among deployed US Military and civilian workers. Clin Infect Dis. 2004;39:1674–1680
  62. Defense Intelligence AgencyArmed Forces Medical Intelligence Agency. Final report: analysis of Iraqi military blood samples. http://www.gulflink.osd.mil/declassdocs/dia/19950901/950901_0600rpt_91d.html
  63. Anderson AD. Q fever in OIF deployed soldiers: an emerging disease of military importance. http://www.dsjf.org/IZ_Diseases/Q%20Fever%20in%20OIF%20Deployed%20Soldiers%20Emerging%20Threat.pdf
  64. Fournier PE, Marrie TJ, Raoult D. Diagnosis of Q fever. J Clin Microbiol. 1998;36:1823–1834
  65. McFee RB. Avian influenza: the next pandemic. Dis Mon. 2007;53(7):337–388
  66. Hartzell JD, Peng SW, Morris-Wood RN, et al. Atypical Q fever in US Soldiers. Emerg Infect Dis. 2007;13(8):1247–1249
  67. Currie M. Treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis by curettage. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1983;287:1105–1106
  68. Military of the United States. www.defenselink.mil/
  69. Global Security on US Military Operations. http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/index.html
  70. Surge Seen In Number Of Homeless Veterans. Erik Eckholm. The NY Times. 11/8/07 http://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/08/us/0vets.html?_r=1&hp=&oref=slogin&pagewantedlast accessed 11/9/07
  71. Waldrep DA, Coza SJ, Chun RS. The Impact of Deployment on the Military Family. In: Iraq War Clinician Guide. Department of Veterans Affairs, The National Center for PTSD http://www.ncptsd.va.gov/ncmain/ncdocs/manuals/nc_manual_iwcguide.html?printablelast accessed 12/2/07
  72. Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Mental Health Online. www.mentalhealthchannel.netlast accessed 12/10/07
  73. Prins A, Kimerling R, Leskin G. Chapter VII: PTSD in Iraq War Veterans: Implications for Primary Care. In: Ira Qwar Clinician Guide, 2nd ed. Dept. of Veterans Affairs, Washington, DC www.ncptsd.va.gov/ncmain/ncdocs/manuals/nc_manual_iwcguide.htmlAccessed March 14, 2008
  74. Cozza SJ, Benedek DM, Bradley JC, et al. Topics specific to the psychiatric treatment of military personnel. In: Iraq War Clinician Guide, 2nd ed. Dept. of Veterans Affairs, Washington, DC www.ncptsd.va.gov/ncmain/ncdocs/manuals/nc_manual_iwcguide.htmlAccessed March 14, 2008
  75. Grieger TA, Cozza SJ, Ursano RJ, et al. Posttraumatic stress disorder and depression in battle injured soldiers. Am J Psychiatry. 2006;163(10):1777–1783
  76. Treatment of the returning Iraq War Veteran. In: Iraq War Clinician Guide, Dept. of Veterans Affairs. The National Center for PTSD http://www.ncptsd.va.gov/ncmain/ncdocs/manuals/nc_manual_iwcguide.html?printablelast accessed 12/2/07
  77. Lande RG, Marin BA, Ruzek JI. Substance Abuse in the Deployment Environment. In: Iraq War Clinician Guide, Dept of Veterans Affairs. The National Center for PTSD http://www.ncptsd.va.gov/ncmain/ncdocs/manuals/nc_manual_iwcguide.html?printablelast accessed 12/2/07
  78. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: Implications for Primary Care Independent Study Course, Veterans Health Initiative. http://vaww.sites.lrn.va.gov/vhi(VA Intranet)
  79. National Institute for Mental Health information on PTSD. http://www.nimh.nih.gov/anxiety/ptsdmenu.cfm
  80. Koren D, Cohen A, Berman J, et al. Increased PTSD risk with combat-related injury: a matched comparison study of injured and uninjured soldiers experiencing the same combat events. Am J Psychiatry. 2005;162(2):276–282
  81. Friedman MJ. Veterans' mental health in the wake of war. N Engl J Med. 2005;352:1287–1290
  82. McFee RB. Adolescent health and risk behaviors: the role of the primary care physician. Johns Hopkins Advanced Studies Med. 2003;3(7):401–411
  83. Elster A, Epner J, Fleming M, et al. Train the trainers guide (Guidelines to Adolescent Preventive Services (GAPS)). Chicago, IL: American Medical Association Publications; 1999;
  84. Elster AB, Levenberg P. Integrating comprehensive adolescent preventive services into routine medical care; rationale and approaches. Pediatr Clin North Am. 1997;44:1365–1377
  85. Hoge CW, Auchterionie JL, Milliken CS. Mental health problems, use of mental health services and attrition from military service after returning from deployment to Iraq or Afghanistan. JAMA. 2006;295:1023–1032
  86. Kolkow TT, Spira JL, Morse JS, et al. Post traumatic stress disorder and depression in health care providers returning from deployment to Iraq and Afghanistan. Mil Med. 2007;172(5):451–455
  87. Gulf War injections are toxic cocktail when combined, researchers say. CNN. April 16, 1996 http://www.cnn.com/HEALTH/9604/16/gulf.war.syndrome/index.html
  88. Scientist finds nerve damage in Gulf War vets. CNN. 3/27/96 http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/9603/gulf_syndrome/index.html
  89. Presidential Advisory Committee on Gulf War Veterans' Illnesses. Presidential Advisory Committee on Gulf War Veterans' Illnesses: final report. Washington DC: US GPO; 1996;ISBN0-16-048942-3
  90. National Institutes of Health Technology Assessment Workshop Panel. The Persian Gulf experience and health. JAMA. 1994;272:391–395
  91. Institute of MedicineNational Academy of Sciences. Health consequences of service during the Persian Gulf War: recommendations for research and information systems. Washington DC: National Academy Press; 1996;
  92. The Iowa Persian Gulf Study Group. Self-reported illness and health status among Gulf War veterans. JAMA. 1997;277:238–245
  93. Kang HK, Mahan CM, Lee KY, et al. Illness among United States veterans of the Gulf War: a population-based survey of 30,000 veterans. J Occup Environ Med. 2000;42:491–501
  94. Fukuda K, Nisenbaum R, Stewart G, et al. Chronic multisymptom illness affecting Air Force veterans of the Gulf War. JAMA. 1998;280:981–988
  95. Unwin C, Blatchley N, Coker W, et al. Health of UK servicemen who served in Persian Gulf War. Lancet. 1999;353:169–178
  96. The Centers for Disease Control Vietnam Experience Study. Post service mortality among Vietnam veterans. JAMA. 1987;257:790–795
  97. Kang HK. National health survey of Gulf War era veterans and their families. (Abstract) In: Present at the conference on federally sponsored Gulf War veterans' illnesses research. Pentago City, VA: June 17-19. 1998;
  98. Brouqui P, Dupont H, Drancourt M, et al. Chronic Q Fever: ninety-two cases from France including 27 cases without endocarditis. Arch Intern Med. 1993;153:642–648
  99. Fenollar F, Thuny F, Xeridat B, et al. Endocarditis after acute Q fever in patients with previously undiagnosed valvulopathies. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;42:818–821
  100. Splino M, Beran J, Chlibek R. Q fever outbreak during the Czech Army deployment in Bosnia. Mil Med. 2003;168:840–842
  101. Putnam SD, Sanders JW, Frenck RW, et al. Self-reported description of diarrhea among military populations in operations Iraqi Freedom and Enduring Freedom. J Travel Med. 2006;13(20):92–99
  102. Aronson N, Bernstein W, Hochberg L Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Update: cutaneous leishmaniasis in US Military personnel—southwest/central Asia 2002-2004. MMWR. 2004;53:264–265
  103. Dowlati Y. Cutaneous leishmaniasis: clinical aspect. Clin Dermatol. 1996;14:425–431
  104. Agarwal R, Shukla SK, Dharmani S, et al. Biological warfare—an emerging threat. J Assoc Physicians India. 2004;52:733–738
  105. Gualtieri CT. Neuropsychiatry and behavioral pharmacology. In: New York: Springer-Verlag; 1991;p. 26–36
  106. McFee RB. Bioterrorism and weapons of mass destruction 2004: physicians as first responders. The DO 2004 March (Special BT Issue):9-23.
  107. Peleman RA. New and re-emerging infectious diseases: epidemics in waiting. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2003;17(3):265–270
  108. Kazar I. Coxiella burnetii infection. Ann NY Acad Sci. 2005;1063:105–114
  109. Ritchie EC, Benedek D, Malone R, et al. Psychiatry and the military: an update. Psych Clin of North Am. 2006;4(8):695–707
  110. Dept. of Veterans Affairs. Internet site: www.va.gov.
  111. 11/14/07 Bob Parks. Playing Numbers Game with Our Dead. The New Media Journal US http://www.therant.us/staff/parks/11142007.htm]
  112. Bullman TA, Kang HK. Posttraumatic stress disorder and the risk of traumatic deaths among Vietnam veterans. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1994;182:604–610
  113. Kang HK, Bullman TA. Mortality among US veterans of the Persian Gulf War: 7 year follow-up. Am J Epidemiol. 2001;154(5):399–405
  114. Arm Center for Substance Abuse Programs with links to world wide ASAP locations. http://www.acsap.army.mil/
  115. Gulf War Illnesses. Federal Research Strategy Needs Reexamination. United States General Accounting Office (GAO). GAO/T NSIAD 98-104.
  116. Levantman S. Epilogue: social and historical perspectives on the Vietnam veteran. In:  Figley CR editors. Stress disorders among Vietnam veterans: theory, research, and treatment. New York: Brunner/Mazel; 1978;p. 291–295
  117. McFee RB, Bush L, Boehm K. Avian influenza: critical considerations for the primary care physician. Johns Hopkins Adv Studies Med. 2006;Nov/Dec
  118. Stienlauf S, Segal G, Sidi Y, et al. Epidemiology of travel-related hospitalization. J Travel Med. 2005;12:136–141
  119. Van Herck K, Van Damme P, Castelli F, et al. Knowledge, attitudes and practices in travel-related infectious diseases: the European airport survey. J Travel Med. 2004;11:3–8
  120. McFee RB. Update: Chlorine use as a weapon—2007. In:  McFee RB,  Leikin JB, et al. editor. Toxicoterrorism. New York: McGraw Hill; 2008;
  121. Rhee J. Pulmonary Agents—(Phosgene, Chlorine, Vinyl Chloride, Vinylidine Chloride). In:  McFee RB,  Leikin JB editor. Toxicoterrorism. New York: McGraw Hill; 2008;
  122. Levant RF, McFee RB. Healthcare for the whole person; reconnecting the mind and body. Johns Hopkins Adv Studies Med. 2006;6(1):40–41
  123. Study makes case of reintegrating behavioral health, primary care. Capitation Manag Rep. 2000;3:42–45
  124. Strosahl K. Mind and body primary mental healthcare: new model for integrated services. Behav Healthc Tomorrow. 1996;5(96):93–95
  125. Hollifield M. Building new bridges in primary care. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2004;26:253–255
  126. Daw J. New rule will change the psychologist-physician relationship. Monitor Psychiatry. 2001;12(4):www.apa.org/monitor/apr01/physicians.htmlLast accessed Sept 5, 2005
  127. Sharma SK, Mohan A. Multidrug resistant tuberculosis: a menace that threatens to destabilize tuberculosis control. Chest. 2006;130(1):261–272
  128. Magill AJ, Grogl M, Gasser RA, et al. Visceral infection caused by Leishmania tropica in veterans of Operation Desert Storm. N Engl J Med. 1993;328:1383–1387
  129. Gillis D, Klaus S, Schnur LF, et al. Diffusely disseminated cutaneous Leishmania major infection in a child with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1995;14:247–249
  130. Wortmann G, Weeney C, Houng HS, et al. Rapid diagnosis of leishmaniasis by fluorogenic polymerase chain reaction. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2001;65:583–587
  131. Asilian A, Sadeghinia A, Faghihi G, et al. Comparative study of the efficacy of combined cryotherapy and intralesional meglumine antimoniate (Glucantime) vs. cryotherapy and intralesional meglumine antimoniate alone for the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Int J Dermatol. 2004;43:281–283
  132. Reithinger R, Mohsen M, Kolaczinski J, et al. A randomized controlled trial to test the efficacy of thermotherapy against Leishmania tropica in Kabul, Afghanistan (abstract 776). In: 52nd Annual Meeting of the American Society for Tropical Medicine and Hygiene (Philadelphia). Northbrook, IL: American Society for Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 2003; p. 548.
  133. American Red Cross. Blood donation eligibility guidelines. 14 September 2004 http://www.redcross.org/services/biomed/0,1082,0_557_,00.html#infec
  134. USAMRIID's Medical Management of Biological Casualties Handbook. Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD Fourth edition. 2001;www.usamriid.army.milAccessed January 9, 2008
  135. McFee RB. Preparing for an Era of Weapons Of Mass Destruction (WMD)—are we there yet? (Why we should all be concerned. Part 1). Vet Human Tox. 2002;
  136. Gualtieri CT. Neuropsychiatry and behavioral pharmacology. In: New York: Springer-Verlag; 1991;p. 1–25
  137. Center for Disease Control and Prevention. http://www.cdc.gov
  138. Women Veterans' Network of the Department of Veterans' Services The central resource for women veterans in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. The Veterans Administration also has resources for women. http://www.mass.gov/?pageID=veteranstopic&L=2&sid=Eveterans&L0=Home&L1=Women+Veterans.
  139. Dawson D. US Low risk drinking guidelines: An examination of four alternatives. Alcoholism Clin Exp Res. 2000;24:1820–1829
  140. Friedman PD, Saitz R, Gogineni A, et al. Validation of the screening strategy in the NIAAA (Physicians' guide to helping patients with alcohol problems). J Stud Alcoh. 2001;62:234–238
  141. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. http://www.miaaa.nih.gov/
  142. National Institute on Drug Abuse. http://www.nida.nih.gov
  143. Resnick PS, Schnicke MK. Cognitive Processing Therapy for Rape Victims: A Treatment Manual. Newbury Park, CA: Sage; 2002;
  144. Foa ED, Roghbaum BO. Treating the trauma of rape: cognitive-behavioral therapy for PTSD. New York: Guilford; 1998;http://www.ncptsd.va.gov/ncmain/ncdocs/manuals/nc_manual_iwcguide.html?printableAccessed December 2, 2007
  145. Piasecki J. America's Secret War: Victims of sexual assault while serving in the military. L.A. City Beat 11/30/06.
  146. World Health Organization (WHO). http://www.who.org

PII: S0011-5029(08)00013-8

doi: 10.1016/j.disamonth.2008.02.002

Disease-A-Month
Volume 54, Issue 5 , Pages 265-333 , May 2008

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution